Textbook for universities. Moscow, ITK Dashkov and Co., 2009, 496 p.
The textbook outlines the basics of designing modern printing enterprises, taking into account the latest achievements of domestic and foreign technology and printing production technology.
The course being studied examines the fundamental principles on design issues, knowledge of which is necessary for creating a printing enterprise. When creating the textbook, the task was to provide a systematic presentation of the methodology for designing modern printing enterprises.
The textbook is intended for students studying in the specialty 261202 “Technology of printing production”, and can also be useful to engineers-technologists of printing production and specialists involved in the design and reconstruction of printing enterprises.
General concepts and design procedures.
Basic concepts and definitions.
Pre-design work.
Composition and content of the feasibility study for design.
Assignment for the design of printing production.
Contents of a complex two-stage project.
Detailed design and working documentation.
Fundamentals of manufacturing process design.
Contents and sequence of development of a technological project.
Units of measurement for printing production used in design.
Contents of the design specifications.
Analysis of the design task.
Selection and justification of designed printing methods and printing machines.
Formation of a schematic diagram of a complex production process.
Techniques for technological production forecasts.
Technological forecast of printing production.
Calculation of the required amount of printing equipment.
Drawing up mutually agreed upon assignments for the design of pre-press and post-press production.
Design of production units and recording of design solutions.
Design of production units.
Specification of equipment by production departments.
Forecasts of the amount of materials, number of employees and production space to fulfill the technical specifications.
Summary data on projects of production departments.
Industrial buildings for printing enterprises.
The main structural elements of industrial buildings and their purpose.
Modern and promising buildings for printing enterprises.
Loads from technological equipment on interfloor floors.
Recommendations for installation of technological equipment.
Technological requirements for industrial buildings.
Fire safety requirements for buildings.
Spatial layout of the production process.
Layout of enterprise departments in an industrial building.
Layout of production units.
Principles of designing production workshops and areas.
Printing production planning.
Layout of the pre-press production unit.
Layout of bookbinding production.
Optimization methods for searching design solutions.
Principles of modeling and building models.
Causes of errors in modeling and requirements for initial information.
Methods for searching for optimal design solutions.
Production planning and transport system of the enterprise.
Engineering support of the production process.
Contents of the design task.
Industrial water supply and wastewater treatment.
Ventilation and air conditioning.
Supply of power and lighting electricity.
Heating.
Contents of technological tasks for the design of other engineering sections of the complex method.
Ancillary production workshops and services of the enterprise.
Production laboratory.
Warehouse facilities of the enterprise.
Mechanical repair shops.
Design of administrative, office and sanitary premises.
Design of printing enterprises using PCs (CAD).
General information about design using PCs.
Types of CAD software.
General requirements.
System for designing the production and logistics structure of an enterprise.
Literature.
List of variables used in the tutorial.
At all times, the book was considered the greatest creation of man, one of the most outstanding discoveries of social development. A book is a repository of people’s memory, a means of accumulating knowledge and a means of transmitting this knowledge from generation to generation.
The book went through a number of stages of development and was constantly improved over a long period of time. Its appearance, manufacturing methods and contents were improved.
If you go to any book exhibition today, you can see a huge number of books that differ in both the design of external and internal elements, thematic content and even methods of production.
It is known that the production of any printed product, including a book, requires a number of stages and production processes. These stages are traditionally divided into pre-press, printing, post-press and finishing, and each stage, respectively, into production processes:
Pre-press stage: layout, processing of text and visual information, production of printed form;
Stage of printing work: preparing paper, loading the feeder (if printing is sheet-fed) or roll, installing the printing plate, loading ink;
Stage of bookbinding: gluing the spine of the blocks and covering them with covers;
finishing stage: foil stamping;
At each stage, the relevant technical and technological characteristics are determined, both of the publication itself and of the necessary materials and equipment for its high-quality production:
At the prepress stage: format, font size, typeface, margin size, types of illustrations, etc.;
At the stage of printing work: printing method, type of printing machine, type of paper, ink, etc.;
At the stage of bookbinding: folding methods, block fastening, block assembly, type of spine, and even type of cover or binding cover, etc.;
At the stage of finishing work: type of film, type of embossing, type of varnish.
All processes that were described above take place at their own site.
So, for example, a printing shop is specially designated for printing processes, in which printing machines are located.
Modern printing machines themselves are quite cumbersome and can consist of a number of sections, the number of which is determined by the technical specifications, the type of printed product and the complexity of the printing work being carried out. Printing machines can include from 1 to 12 sections, which usually, in addition to printing, can also perform additional operations (varnishing, drying, printing with inks that do not belong to the traditional triad).
The technological building usually contains all the necessary data on the publication that needs to be printed in the designed printing shop. Guided by the technical specifications, a printing method and type of printing are selected, a printing machine and other additional equipment are selected. In other words, printing production itself is designed, pre-press and post-press.
All of the above allows us to conclude that it is the correctly drawn up technical specifications that play an important role in the design of not only a separate workshop in production, but also the production itself. The technological specification helps to equip production with all the necessary equipment.
1. Development of technical specifications
The goal of the work is to develop a project for a technological process that would ensure high quality printing of the publication and would have good economic indicators with maximum approximation to the conditions of modern production.
Information about the publication according to the terms of reference is presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Technical specifications (technical specifications) for production design
No. Name of indicators
and characteristics Value by group
editions Edition 1
1 2 3 1 Design goal Creation of a new printing shop
2 Shift work mode 1 shift 8 hours
5 days a week
Technological indicators
3 Type of publication Book
4 Type of original received
for production of layout electronic
stripes in pdf files
5 Printed complexity group
works, presence and type of illustrations First, illustrations,
line, 120 lines/inch
for additional parts Three, illustrations
raster, 170 lines/inch
6 Printing scheme (colorfulness)
products 1+1
for additional parts 4+0
Quantitative indicators
7 Number of titles
publications per year 1
8 Number of outputs of one
publications per year 250
9 Average circulation of publications, thousand copies. 10
Technical indicators
10 Publication format, cm 7090
11 Sheet share 16
12 Volume of publication in f.p.l. (pages) 15 (240)
13 Number of notebooks
(full and incomplete) 7 complete (32 pages),
1 incomplete (16 pages)
14 Number of pages
32 and 16 in one notebook
15 Type of folding Perpendicular:
4 folds (32 pages),
3 folds (16 pages)
16 Method of assembling a block by selection
17 Type of publication binding Method KBS (PVAD)
21 Cover view Type No. 3
Type of main indicators used
22 Type of printed material:
23 for the main part of the publication Offset, 80 g/m2
for cover Coated, 250 g/m2
24 Type of paper supply:
for the main part Rolls, width – 900 mm,
diameter – 700 mm
for cover Paper pallets, width – 900 mm, length – 700 mm
25 Type of foil for embossing Metallized foil
Requirements for packaging of finished products
27 End group type
packaging for delivery to the customer Pallets 12080 cm,
910 kg, 70 stoves per pallet
28 Intermediate type
group packaging Pack of 20 copies, 13 kg,
in sulfate paper 80 g/m2, cross-tied
polymer tape
30 Description of fastening method
intermediate packaging Sealing the valves of the pack,
tying with polymer tape
31 Number of intermediate
group packaging
in final packaging 96
32 Number of copies
products in 1 intermediate package 10 copies.
2. Analysis of the design task
For the main part. thousand f.p.l./year
For the cover, based on the fact that there are 4 covers on an A2 sheet:
thousand f.p.l./year
For the main part, the planned load will be:
thousand academic l/year
For the cover, the planned download will be:
thousand academic l/year
For the main part of the publication:
thousand academic kr.-ot./year
For the cover of the publication:
thousand academic kr.-ot./year
. We substitute the values from the technical specifications, we get:
thousand copies/year
To fulfill the technical specifications, the plate production department must be equipped with a processor for making molds using Computer-to-Plate technology and a developing unit; The bookbinding and saddle stitching shop must be equipped with a KOLBUS Perfect Binders KM 600 adhesive-free binding unit (for covering the block with a cover) with a production capacity of 7000 c./hour. and a foil stamping machine SPM Steuer RF 82. with production capacity up to 4000 sheets/hour.
3. Selection and justification of the designed methods
printing and printing machines
The choice of printing method will be made by considering the following factors:
The purpose of the design is to create a new printing workshop. According to the terms of reference, a publication must be printed in this printing shop - a book, a work of art, technological parameters and requirements for the reproduction of text and illustrations determine the offset printing method. In addition, the offset printing method is supported by the fact that it is dominant at this point in time and the majority of printed products, about 75% (books, newspapers, magazines, sheet products) are printed using this method.
Offset printing allows you to print on a fairly large range of printed material: by format (sheet from 320 mm to 1050 mm, roll from 600 to 1000 mm); by density (sheet from 27 to 800 g/m2, roll from 39 to 120 g/m2); by thickness (sheet from 0.04 to 1.20 mm, roll up to 0.10 mm); by type (metalized paper, foil, tin, etc.).
Offset printing machines have a fairly high operating speed: sheet-fed up to 10–18 thousand impressions/hour, roll machines more than 45 thousand impressions/hour; allow you to perform work with different colors (from 1+0 to 8+8); allow the application of various varnishes (water-based, UV, etc.); allow you to print with various types of inks (for example, metallized).
In addition to all of the above, we can add that this printing method produces a relatively small amount of paper waste and less harmful effects on the environment. In addition, almost all offset printing machines have a modular construction principle, which allows the machine to be assembled directly to fulfill an order according to technical specifications.
Having analyzed the publication that needs to be printed according to the technical specifications and taking into account the above factors, we can unequivocally state that to print the publication according to the technical specifications, it is advisable to choose a single-color roll offset press, specialized for the production of book notebooks of the appropriate format, working width printed web up to 1000 mm and notebook acceptance. Also, to complete the technical assignment, you will need a sheet-fed offset printing machine with a 4+0 printing scheme to print an additional part of the publication, which includes the cover.
General requirements for a printing machine (with sheet feeding of printed material):
Supply of printed material – sheet
Maximum format, cm – up to 740
Printing scheme (colorfulness) – 4+0
Minimum hourly productivity of a printing machine, output/hour – 10000
General requirements for a printing machine (with roll feeding of printed material):
Supply of printed material – roll
Cutting length, mm – 700
Maximum paper roll width, cm – up to 90
Printing scheme (colorfulness) – 1+1
Minimum hourly productivity of a printing machine, output/hour – 20,000.
Thus, among sheet-fed printing machines with a 4+0 printing scheme, the Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 74 printing machine and the Manroland ROLAND 200 printing machine are suitable for general requirements. Both printing machines are built on a modular principle, which allows you to purchase and install the necessary sections after installation and settings of the printing machine itself. The minimum configuration of printing machines meets the requirements of the publication according to the terms of reference. In particular, the cover will be printed on them.
Technical characteristics of sheet-fed offset printing machines are given in Table 2.
table 2
Technical characteristics of sheetfed printing machines
and their equipment
Speedmaster
SM 74 ROLAND 200
Value Point Value Point
1 Manufacturer name Heidelberg Manroland
2 Country of origin Germany Germany
3 Supplier in Russia Heidelberg H.G.S
B. Specifications
4 Colorfulness (printing pattern) 4+0 0 4+0 0
5 Max./min. format
on paper, mm 530×740/
210×280 1 520×740/
210×297 0
6 Max. print format, mm 510×740 1 510×735 0
7 Max. work productivity, sheets/hour 15000 1 13000 0
8 Max./min. thickness
printed material, mm (or paper weight in g/m2) 0.03–0.6 0 0.04–0.8 1
9 Slipway height
feeder/receipt, mm
(or sheets weighing g/m2) 1.060/597 0 1.245/500 1
10 Paper feed
wide side 0
wide side 0
11 Installation
dimensions (L×W×H), mm 9943×
3700×2153 1 10496×
3612×2140 0 12 Weight, kg 32480 1 – 0
Total points for B: 5 2
B. Equipment
13 Automatic
change forms yes 0 yes 0
14 Automatic
offset cylinder clamps yes 0 yes 0
15 Removal device
static electricity
at feeder/receipt no 0 no 0
16 Automatic
format settings yes 0 yes 0
17 Non-stop device
changing the slipway at acceptance yes 0 yes 0
18 Sheet turning device no 0 no 0
19 Automatic device
local adjustment
paint supply yes 0 yes 1
Sum of points for B: 0 1
We calculate the preference for a printing machine based on printing a large print run:
For the Speedmaster SM74 model – 5×0.6 + 0×0.4 = 3 – preferred.
for the ROLAND 200 model – 2×0.6+1×0.4 = 1.6
For roll-fed printing machines, its conditional configuration is formed from the modules necessary to complete the technical specifications.
The conditional configuration of a roll-fed printing machine for fulfilling the technical specifications is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a roll-to-roll printing machine
From Figure 1 it can be seen that to complete the technical task, one printing section will be needed (4-cylinder I-type with horizontal wiring of the web and a 1+1 printing scheme); double-beam roll loading with auto-gluing “on the fly” of the machine; folder; notebook treasure.
To print the main part of the publication, the book block, taking into account the print run, it is better to install a roll-fed printing machine in production. Based on the requirements of the technical specifications, we can consider printing machines GOSS M600 D from a French company and Compacta 215 from a German company KBA.
Technical characteristics of roll offset printing machines are given in Table 3.
Table 3
Technical characteristics of roll printing machines
and their equipment
No. Indicators Printing machine model
M600 D Сompacta 215
Value Point Value Point
1 2 3 4 5 6 A. General information about suppliers
1 Manufacturer name GOSS KBA
2 Country of origin France Germany
3 Supplier in Russia NISSA Media project KBA RUS LLC
B. Specifications
4 Colorfulness (printing pattern) 1+1 0 1+1 0
5 Max./min. paper roll width, mm 1020/880 0 1000/420 1
6 Cutting length, mm 700 0 700 0
7 Max./min.
paper format, mm 700×1020/880 1 700×1000/420 0
8 Max./min. paper weight in g/m2 48–135 1 36–130 0
9 Falapparat, graphical share,
16, 32 1 grab,
16, 32 0 10 Max. speed, rpm 70000 1 50000 0
11 Number of f.p.l.
per revolution 2 0 2 0
12 Registration
plate cylinder, mm
circumferentially ±3 0 ±3 0
along the axis ±3 0 ±3 0
13 Installation
dimensions (L×W×H), mm 1.319×3.436×2.372 0 - 0
14 Weight, kg 1200 0 12000 0
Total points for B: 4 1
B. Equipment
15 Servo drives yes 0 yes 0
16 Changing plates:
semi-automatic yes 0 yes 0
automatic yes 0 yes 0
17 Automatic washing of offset blanket yes 0 yes 0
18 Automatic rinsing
inking machine no 0 yes 1
20 Automatic web tension control yes 0 yes 0
21 Automatic registration yes 0 yes 0
22 Preset
via CIP4 protocol yes 1 no 0
23 Automatic paint supply preset yes 1 no 0
24 Automatic pressure preset yes 1 no 0
25 Cooling roller as standard yes 1 no 0
Total points for B: 5 1
We calculate the preference for a printing machine based on printing a large print run:
for the GOSS M600 D model – 4×0.6 + 5×0.4 = 4.4 – preferred.
For the KBA Compacta 215 model – 1×0.6 + 1×0.4 = 1
4. Schematic diagram
integrated production process
5. Printing machine production capacity forecast
5.1. For practical calculations of the annual operating time of equipment, the coefficient kcm is used, which takes into account the change in Fob depending on the shift mode:
Taking into account the duration of the shift - 8 hours and their number - 1 shift, in the expression for calculating the annual operating capacity of the equipment, the coefficient kcm will take the value equal to 0.95:
hour. 5.2. The standard time for makeready is determined either from the equipment supplier or from the printing house where this type of equipment is already used. In this case tprs = 0.16 hours.
Taking into account the fact that the machine is equipped with a folding machine, automatic gluing, remote control for combining sheets and the ability to configure using the CIP4 protocol, the changeover time from circulation to circulation tpr will take tpr = 0.92 hours.
5.3. The circulation resistance coefficient of printing forms is clarified from the manufacturer. In this case, for Thermostar printing plates produced using Computer-to-Plate technology kts = 1, because their maximum circulation resistance without firing is 100,000 copies:
5.4. We find the useful speed coefficient of the printing machine from the reference book “Unified production time standards for printing production processes.” For the first group of complexity of printed works, the average value of kis will be equal to 0.772.
Knowing the useful speed coefficient, we calculate tpech = 1000/(v kis), i.e. it turns out tpech = 1000/(70000 0.772) = 0.02 hours, or 1.11 minutes.
5.5. The number of circulations is calculated after the time required to print one circulation:
. Printing time for one circulation according to the formula:
Hour. Number of circulations:
5.6. Ready production capacity, thousand f.l.-prog. in year:
5.7. Annual production capacity in thousand f.p.l. year:
. .
5.8. Annual production capacity in thousand u.p.l. year:
5.9. Annual production capacity in thousand units.cr.-ott. year:
5.10. Annual production capacity in thousand copies. products:
, .
5.11. Annual operating time of equipment:
hour. 5.12. The equipment supplier found out that the printing machine is equipped with an automatic change of printing plates, so to change 4 printing plates in two sections tprs = 3/4 = 0.75 minutes. or 0.013 h.
Taking into account the fact that the machine is equipped with an automatic change of printing forms, a remote control and the ability to configure using CIP4 protocols, the changeover time from circulation to circulation is tpr = 0.33 hours.
5.13. Thermostar forms, using Computer-to-Plate technology kts = 1, circulation-resistant without firing is 100,000 copies, the number of one-time duplicates on a sheet is 3, because the cover is printed, for a binding cover:
5.14. We find the useful speed coefficient of the printing machine from the reference book “Unified production time standards for printing production processes.” For the fourth group of complexity of printed works, the average value of kis will be equal to 0.791.
Printing time tprint = 1000/(15000 0.791) = 0.08 hours, or 5.06 minutes.
5.15. The number of circulations is calculated based on the time required to print one circulation.
Printing time for one circulation according to the formula:
hour. Number of circulations:
5.16. Ready production capacity, thousand f.l.-prog. in year:
5.17. Annual production capacity in thousand f.p.l. year:
. .
5.18. Annual production capacity in thousand u.p.l. year:
5.19. Annual production capacity in thousand units.cr.-ott. year:
5.20. Annual production capacity in thousand copies. products:
.
6. Forecast of production load of printing machines
For Goss M600 D web offset printing machine
6.1. Time spent per year:
, hour.
6.2. Time spent per year:
hour. 7. Calculation of the required printing equipment
For Goos M600 D web offset printing machine
7.1. Calculation of the required printing machines of the same type:
Printing machines.
For Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 74 web offset press
7.2. Calculation of the required printing machines of the same type, taking into account the fact that one printing machine is being designed:
. printing machines.
Thus, to complete the technical task you will need 3 printing machines.
8. Calculation of plate production load
In accordance with the terms of reference, the production receives laid-out strips in the form of an electronic file, therefore, for the production of printed forms, the production will carry out imposition of strips and production of printed forms using CtP technology.
For Goss M600 D web offset printing machine
8.1. Calculation of mold production load:
Or 3752 forms/year.
For Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 74 sheetfed offset press
8.2. Calculation of mold production load:
or 1000 forms/year.
forms/year
9. Calculation of post-press production load
The folding process is carried out directly in the printing machine, which is quite convenient, because ready-made notebooks are produced, which are then sent for selection of blocks. In total there are 15 f.p.l. in the block. the number of notebooks in the block is 8, so it turns out that the selection of the block turns out to be 7.5 p.l / 8 notebooks = 0.94 or 1 block.
All other operations at the post-printing stage are performed on a precise line, i.e. the number of blocks processed will be equal to the planned load in copies of products according to publication formats per year. In other words, 2500 thousand blocks.
The number of caps processed on a cap-making machine necessary to complete the technical task will be equal to the number of blocks processed on the production line, i.e. 2500 thousand caps.
In accordance with the terms of reference, the customer must receive the final group packaging (pallets, racks, etc.) or simply group packaging (packs).
You can determine the annual number of packs for packaging by product format:
, thousand packs/year.
The annual quantity of group packaging by product format is calculated:
Thousand packs/year.
10. Selection of technological solutions and equipment
The purpose of developing the technical specifications is to design a printing shop. The choice of technological solutions and equipment is not required, with the exception of the receiving and pressing device (log stacker), because A roll-to-roll printing machine is being installed in the printing shop, and book editions will be printed according to technical specifications.
The receiving and pressing device can be used to perform the technical task as follows:
minimum notebook format, mm: 200120;
Maximum notebook format, mm: 500315;
Maximum line length (without pressing), mm: 1350;
Line length (with pressing), mm: 800–1200;
maximum speed, cycles/hour: 120,000
Volume of notebooks, pages: 8–128;
Power supply, V/Hz: 400/50;
Electric power, kVA: 8;
air consumption, nl/cycle/bar: 250/6
11. Development of an operational map of the printing stage
12. Development of a route map for the printing stage
For Goss M600 D web offset printing machine
in m Time, h
1. Preparing the Goss M600 D printing machine – 0.083 – – – –
2. Printing and quality control of prints – 0.180 – –
3. Reception of notebooks on the logstacker – – –
4. Placement of tied feet on pallets – – – – – –
5. Holding your feet together
until required compaction – – – – – 24
6. Transportation of compressed feet
to the finishing stage – – – – – –
Total: 0.263 – 24
Total duration of the process, hours 24,263
For web offset printing machine Heidelberg Spedmaster SM 74
Symbols Description of action Distance,
in m Time, h
1. Preparing the Spedmaster SM 74 printing machine – 0.042 – – – –
2. Printing and quality control of prints – 0.168
5. Holding prints until final
paint fixing – – – – – 8
6. Transporting prints to the finishing stage – – – – – –
Total: 0.21 – 8
Total duration of the process, h 8.21
12. Drawing up equipment specifications
Table 3
Specification of equipment to fulfill the technical task
No. Name
equipment Number of units Dimensions
(L×W×H), m
(or installation area, m2) Weight, kg Power supply, V/F/Hz Electric power, kW (kVA) Consumption Number of crew per unit. equipment
water, l/hour air cubic meters/min
1. Printing shop
1.1. Rolled
offset
printed
machine Goss M600 D 3 1,319×3,436×2,372 12000 – – – – 5
1.2. Leafy
offset
printed
machine Spedmaster SM 74 1 9,943×3,700×2,153 32480 – – – – 3
1.3. Receiving and pressing device 3 4,455×3,380×2,900 2800 400/50 8 kVA – – 1
13. Forecasting of basic materials
13.1. Calculation of the amount of paper required to complete the terms of reference is carried out as follows:
The average coefficient of paper waste for technical needs is calculated as follows:
To print the main part. The norm of paper waste for printing on a roll two-color machine (complexity group I), taking into account the folding of notebooks, will be:
for adjustment of sheets 850 · 4 · 100%/70000 = 4.8%;
Preparing a roll for printing 0.6%;
Printing a circulation of up to 100 thousand copies. 1.6% for each ink print, i.e. 1.6% · 4 = 6.4%;
Residues on the sleeve 0.3%;
internal defects 0.5;
Go to the receiving and pressing device 0.3;
Waste for auto gluing 0.3;
Gluing of endpapers 0.1% per endpaper, i.e. 0.1% 2 = 0.2;
endpaper border 0.1%;
Processing of a book block on a production line for a circulation of up to
100 thousand copies. 0.60%;
The percentage of paper waste excluding binding, stitching and finishing processes will be: 14.1%. Then to print the main part it will be like this:
, and the amount of paper will be:
kg = 945 t For cover printing. The waste rate of paper for printing on a sheet-fed four-color machine (III complexity group) waste of coated paper in this case will be:
For makeready 30 · 4 · 100%/8750 = 1.4%;
Printing a circulation of up to 25 thousand copies. 1.5% for each ink print, i.e. 1.5% 4 = 6.0%;
We take into account post-printing processes:
Paper trimming before printing 0.2%;
Film pressing 3.0%;
Cutting printed products into shares, not more than 8 shares 0.2%, taking into account the cutting of pressed products - increase by 0.1%.
The percentage of paper waste excluding binding, stitching and finishing processes will be: 10.9%. Then to print the main part it will be like this:
and the amount of paper will be:
13.2. Calculation of the amount of paint required to fulfill the technical specifications occurs as follows:
To print the main part. The waste rate of ink for printing a single-color book block on a roll press, taking into account the format and type of paper, will be 34.7 g/1000 paper rolls.
kg = 173.2 t
To print the cover. The waste rate of ink for printing a four-color cover, taking into account the format and type of paper, will be 130.3 g/1000 ink.
kg = 0.2 t 13.3. Calculation of the amount of form material required to complete the technical specifications occurs as follows:
When using the Goss M600 D printing machine, the amount of plate material, taking into account waste for the technological needs of forms manufactured using CtP - 1.03%, will be required:
kg = 2.76 t
m2 When using the Speedmaster SM74 printing machine, the amount of plate material, taking into account waste for the technological needs of forms produced using CtP - 1.03%, will be required:
m2 Table 4
Required annual quantity of basic materials
to complete technical specifications
Materials Quantity
Paper, t:
for the main part (80 g/m2) 945
for cover/binding (250 g/m2) 60.78
End of table 4
Total paper (MB), t. 1005.78
Paints of all colors, t:
for roll machines 173.2
for sheet metal machines 0.2
Total paper (Mk), vol. 173.4
Shape Material:
in sq.m (Mfp), 3307
in tons (Mfv), 3.10
14. Calculation of the number of employees
14.1. We determine the operating time fund, in hours:
Part 14.2. We calculate the useful (effective) fund of worker time in the i-th division of the enterprise, h:
We take the absenteeism rate based on the fact that the duration of the vacation is 24 days.
Part 14.3. We determine the annual time period of equipment with staff, in hours:
However, Fosh can take the value Fob calculated for single-shift operating mode.
h.
Therefore, in this case, Fosh will be equal to 1892.4 hours.
14.4. The number of workers servicing the machines:
To work on a Goss M600 D web press:
people
For operation on the Speedmaster SM74 sheetfed press:
people To service the receiving and pressing device:
people The receiving and pressing device is installed 3 pcs. it is installed on every web press.
15. Forecast of production and warehouse space
For the designed division (printing shop), the production area will be:
for the roll printing division:
n = 3, Sm(1) = Sm(2) = Sm(3) = 1.319×3.436 + 4.455×3.380 = 4.54 + 15.06 =
= 19.6 m2, Ku(1) = 3.2,
then the production area will be 19.6 · 3.2 · 3 = 188.15 m2;
for sheetfed printing division:
n = 1, Sm(1) = 9.943×3.700 = 36.8 m2, Ku(2) = 4.0,
then the production area will be 36.8 · 4.0 = 147.15 m2.
Then the total area of the printing shop for sheet-fed and roll-fed printing machines will be 336 m2.
The warehouse forecast is calculated using the formula:
For paper, taking into account that both sheets with printed material and notebooks will be stored:
m2.
For paint (all types of printing): m2.
For form material: m2.
Table 6
Warehouse area for storing basic materials
Warehouse Storage stock norm
cargo, days Warehouse area, m2
Paper 29 – for notebooks
45 – for sheets 218.87
Paint 90 19.08
Form material 80 9.73
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Interindustry standards of time and output for printing production processes [Electronic resource]. – M.: Scientific Research Center “Economics”, 1996. – 378 p. – one electronic magnetic disk (HDD).
2. Standards for paper waste for technological production needs when printing products using the offset printing method [Electronic resource]. – M.: Scientific Research Center “Economics”, 1998. – 46 p. – one electronic magnetic disk (HDD).
3. Stefanov, S. Printing methods used in printing [Text]: textbook. allowance/S. Stefanov. – M.: Reprocentr M, 2002. – 34 p.
4. Safonov, A.V. Design of printing production [Text]: textbook/A.V. Safonov, R.G. Moginov; under general ed. prof. A. V. Safonov. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashko and Co", 2010. - 500 p.
5. Samarin, Yu.N. Cost rates for basic printing materials. Project [Electronic resource]/Yu.N. Samarin. – M.: MGUP, 2002. – 24 p. – one electronic magnetic disk (HDD).
6. Manroland: sheet-fed printing machines [Electronic resource]: catalog of printing equipment/H.G.S Rolen group. – catalog access mode: http://www.hgs.ru/manroland/roland700hp/
7. Komori: sheet-fed offset printing machines [Electronic resource]: catalog of printing equipment/Yam International. – catalog access mode: http://www.yam.ru/equ/e_lithrones40.shtml
To narrow down the search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For example:
You can search in several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values in the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a query, you can specify the method in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search taking into account morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is performed taking into account morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a “dollar” sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include synonyms of a word in the search results, you need to put a hash " #
" before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthetical expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one is found.
Not compatible with morphology-free search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the Boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
When searching, words such as "bromine", "rum", "industrial", etc. will be found.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity criterion, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of the phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Relevance of expressions
To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the " sign ^
" at the end of the expression, followed by the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word “research” is four times more relevant than the word “development”:
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Valid values are a positive real number.
Search within an interval
To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should indicate the boundary values in parentheses, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in a range, use square brackets. To exclude a value, use curly braces.
Similar articles
